The Italian law of December 2010 establishes new criteria and parameters for the evaluation of faculty members. The parameters are represented by the number of articles published in journals listed in the main international data banks, the total number of citations and the h index. Candidates with qualifications at least in two out of three parameters may access the national competitions for associate or full professor and apply for an academic appointment. This system developed with the aim to fight nepotism (...) and promote meritocracy, progressively led to the deterioration of the Italian university system. Since promotion in academia is strictly dependent on publications the faculty members found the solution to get over this system by organizing themselves into large consortia or small groups with the purpose of sharing authorship in scientific publications. In this way parameter thresholds may be easily reached and even surpassed. An Italian adagio says: “Fatta la Legge, Trovato l’Inganno”; “Every law has its Loophole”. However, there is no science without ethics and researchers must stay away from any kind of compromise. (shrink)

El artículo se propone indagar la conexión entre el derecho penal y la arquitectura carcelaria con la finalidad de demostrar como el empleo de un cierto tipo de arquitectura responda a la voluntad de desarrollar técnicas de gobierno capaces de operar a un nivel de invisibilidad de la gubernamentalidad. Con este fin, se sirve de una novela de Bioy Casares, Plan de evasión, la cual visibiliza y reflexiona sobre la disciplina del cuerpo que se esconde tras la ilusoria belleza y (...) salubridad de la arquitectura penitenciaria moderna. (shrink)

Resumen: En la obra de Kafka no hay figura más frecuente que la de un hombre doblado sobre si mismo, bajo el peso de fuerzas primitivas, al que Benjamín define el arquetipo de la deformidad. Partiendo de esta sugerente imagen benjaminiana y analizando el progresivo encorvamiento de las formas que afecta no sólo los protagonistas de la ficción kafkiana, sino también sus ambientes, este trabajo quiere ofrecer un lectura en clave estético-juridica de El proceso, la cual demuestre como detrás de (...) la geometría curvilínea que estructura la novela se esconda una genealogía del derecho moderno distinta de aquella visible en el discurso jurídico oficial. Abstract: In Kafka's work there is no figure more frequent than that of a man bent over himself, under the weight of primitive forces, which Benjamin defines the archetype of deformity. Starting from this suggestive Benjamin's image and analyzing the progressive bending of forms that affects not only the protagonists of Kafkaesque fiction but also their environments, this essay wants to offer an aesthetic-juridical reading of The Trial, which proves as the curvilinear geometry that structures the novel conceals a genealogy of modern law distinct from that visible in official legal discourse. (shrink)

Las páginas de Kafka están repletas de figuras animales, cuya compleja simbología, que ha dado lugar a distintas interpretaciones, es capaz de hospedar también una lectura político-jurídica. Partiendo de un diálogo entre las historias con motivo animal de Franz Kafka y los seminarios de Jacques Derrida sobre la bestia y el soberano, el trabajo aspira: por un lado, a aclarar el sentido político-jurídico que, en la narrativa de Kafka, adquieren tanto el devenir animal como el devenir humano; y, por el (...) otro, a indagar el papel del cuervo y de su complejo simbolismo en determinados escritos del escritor checo. De ahí, dirige la mirada al apetito corvino que Kafka escenifica en El proceso para demostrar que la pasión del derecho moderno por la carne pertenece a la naturaleza más primitiva del mismo. (shrink)

In this comment we take up two points made by Douglas Hollan in his article “Emerging Issues in the Cross-Cultural Study of Empathy,” and discuss their possible philosophical implications. Hollan‘s concept of complex empathy may give rise to the idea that we can learn about other people’s beliefs via empathy, which is something we do not believe is possible. Furthermore, Hollan’s description of possible negative effects of empathy, such as manipulations of a person on the basis of knowledge about their (...) emotions, might pose a problem for proponents of care ethics, who generally start from the assumption that empathy fosters altruistic behavior. (shrink)

Introduction: Physical distancing under the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic had a significant impact on lifestyles, including exercise routines. In this study, we examined the relationship between mental health and addictive behaviors, such as excessive exercise and the use of image and performance enhancing drugs across 12 sport disciplines.Materials and methods: A large cross-sectional sample of the adult population was surveyed. The mean age was 33.09. The number of male participants was 668. The use of IPEDs was assessed in conjunction with (...) psychometric measures such as the Exercise Addiction Inventory and the Appearance Anxiety Inventory. The participants were grouped into activity group and non-activity group according to the presence or absence of their exercise habits. The results were compared between these groups, as well as across sport disciplines, while taking into account the relationship between different psychological measures and IPEDs consumption.Results: The frequency of IPEDs use was higher among AG than NAG, although AG participants reported less history of addictions than NAG. The logistic regression analysis revealed that scores equal to or above cutoff points, in both the EAI and AAI, predicted the IPEDs use. Regarding the differences across the various sport disciplines, those who were involved in practicing Weight Lifting and Cross Fit were found to be more at risk of excessive exercising and more inclined to use a wide range of IPEDs.Conclusions: Although exercise could help to increase well-being and prevent addictions during the COVID-19 pandemic, our results show that those in the AG are particularly vulnerable to excessive IPEDs use. Sport disciplines associated with higher EAI and AAI scores have also shown a higher tendency to excessive IPEDs use. Furthermore, the factor of having above the cutoff scores in EAI or AAI in each sport could indicate larger IPEDs consumption regardless of the discipline. In light of the current findings, it is necessary to better define the “non-excessive” levels of exercise in various sport disciplines and an adequate intake of IPEDs to ensure the safety and well-being of people during a pandemic. (shrink)

A la luz del relato de Carolina María de Jesús, una temprana cartonera de la favela de Canindé, en Sao Paulo, quien escribiendo su diario de vida en las mismas hojas que recogía en sus calles termina ofreciendo el más crudo y vívido relato de la vida en ellas, en este artículo se examina su testimonio y la escritura de él como una otra modalidad de práctica política, ello a partir del concepto de campos de acción social y política, y (...) su problematización a propósito del carácter colectivo de su contenido, el explícito interés de su autora de hacerlo público y la inadecuación, entre otros elementos, de las categorías con que se observa y distingue el fenómeno de la participación entre hombres y mujeres. (shrink)

Die pseudoplatonischen Dialoge Ã_ber die Tugend und Alkyon Hubertus Neuhausen: Der pseudo-platonische Alkibiades II und die sokratischen Alkibiadesdialoge Rosa Maria Piccione: Gli Pseudoplatonica nella tradizione dei florilegi Christopher ...

Die Beschäftigung mit Gefühlen, Emotionen und anderen affektiven Prozessen hat in der Philosophiegeschichte eine lange Tradition. Ein Grund, warum auf die vielfältige Veröffentlichungstätigkeit zur Philosophie der Gefühle durchaus auch mit Verwunderung reagiert wird, mag daher eine gewisse Traditionsvergessenheit sein. Mit diesem Hinweis allein wird man dem anhaltenden Interesse an dem Thema aber sicher nicht völlig gerecht. Vielmehr drängen sich noch einige weitere Vermutungen auf. Nahe liegend ist es, einen Grund für die intensive Beschäftigung mit affektiven Prozessen oder Zuständen in dem (...) nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg einsetzenden Unbehagen mit Pflichtethiken zu sehen. Hinzukommt, dass ganz unabhängig von solchen Entwicklungen in der praktischen Philosophie die Philosophie des Geistes in das Zentrum der Philosophie gerückt ist. In diesem Gebiet sind Emotionen und Gefühle ein dankbarer Gegenstand, weil sie sowohl mentale, als auch physiologische Facetten aufweisen. Verstärkt wird diese Entwicklung dadurch, dass die Physik als Leitwissenschaft von der Biologie abgelöst worden ist und Emotionen sowohl mentale Zustände sind als auch biologische Phänomene, - das gilt jedenfalls dann, wenn man kein reiner Kognitivist ist. Eine weitere These zur anhaltenden Aufmerksamkeit, die den Gefühlen auch in der Philosophie gezollt wird, kann man dem hier vorgestellten Buch von Mario Perniola entnehmen. Ehe auf diese Veröffentlichung näher eingegangen wird, sollen jedoch zunächst drei Hilfsmittel gegen Traditionsvergessenheit vorgestellt werden, als da der von Hilge Landweer und Ursula Renz herausgegebene Band zu klassischen Emotionstheorien wäre, die Monographie von Ingrid Ferran Vendrell zur realistischen Phänomenologie und die Neuauflage einiger Texte eines realistischen Phänomenologen, nämlich Aurel Kolnai, durch Axel Honneth. Abgerundet wird diese philosophische Bücherschau durch einen Band, den Sabine Döring zusammengestellt hat und der neben vielem anderen auch eine Antwort auf die Beschäftigung mit Werten und Ethik abseits von Pflichtethiken darstellt. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:The Journal of Aesthetic Education 38.4 (2004) 113-120 [Access article in PDF] Wonders, Witches, Wolves, and Wisdom Ellen Handler Spitz Honors College Professor of Visual Arts University of Maryland The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales, ed. Maria Tatar, New York: W.W. Norton, 2002, Paperback: 394 pp., $16.95. We persist in hearkening to fairy tales. Along with ancient myths, the parables of scripture, the secular legends and sacred texts of (...) many lands, a stable canon of these magical tales still provides, even in the twenty-first century, an ongoing source of inspiration to artists, composers, choreographers, filmmakers, poets, and, above all, to the writers and illustrators and readers of children's books. They are of abiding interest as well to all of us who, in our various ways, concern ourselves with the aesthetic education of children. Why is this so? One preeminent authority in the field is Maria Tatar, John L. Loeb Professor of Germanic Languages and Literatures at Harvard University, an author who, with wisdom, tenderness, and erudition, has traced and researched these tales. Having devoted two decades to the phenomenon, Tatar's works include The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales, Off with their Heads! Fairy Tales and the Culture of Childhood, and The Classic Fairy Tales: A Norton Critical Edition.1 She has recently come out with a new book, an edited collection of twenty-six tales all illustrated, marginally annotated, and a number of them retranslated for the occasion, the result being The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales, a painstakingly produced, lavishly decorated volume that would grace any library.In addition to commenting, in the volume's elegantly wide margins, on each of the included tales, Tatar has arranged to have this new compilation ornamented with small colored reproductions of both rare and famous images associated with the tales by distinguished illustrators of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries — artists such as Gustave Doré, Edmund Dulac, Walter Crane, Maxfield Parrish, and Arthur Rackham. While small in size and often not quite as clear as one might ideally wish (I found myself longing for some sorcery that would blow them up to full size so as to be able to feast my eyes on their wealth of detail and imaginative splendor), these images grace the text and greatly enhance its pleasures. Their presence, in fact, is one of the factors that makes this book unique. I know of no other extant work where a comparable effort has been made to join the fairy tales with a multiplicity of their most celebrated illustrations. The effect is astonishing. Readers are either transported directly back into their own early childhoods or newly acquainted with a brilliant visual canon parallel to that of the fairy [End Page 113] tales themselves. I predict it will be a rare reader who, after seeing this book, will not be desirous of learning more about the artists whose works are reproduced here. To further that end and to begin to satisfy the desire she must have known she would create, Tatar has supplied her readers with a section of mini-biographies and bibliographies not only of the authors and collectors of the fairy tales themselves (most notably, Charles Perrault, the brothers Wilhelm and Jacob Grimm, and Hans Christian Andersen) but of the illustrators. For this felicitous marriage — of word and image, of story and picture — her endeavor deserves our gratitude.Rather than take this tasteful treasure trove as a culmination of Tatar's pre-existing work, which, in a certain sense, it is, I prefer to see it as a lure that entices readers to revisit her earlier volumes which, while of recognized scholarly import and interpretive richness, all tackle questions pertinent not only to folklorists and to historians of literature but to all of us who, in the wake of recent history, have come to wonder ever more anxiously what sort of tales we ought to be telling children and ourselves and how and why. This question, incidentally, returns us to Book II of Plato's Republic, where Socrates poses this question directly to... (shrink)

Las personas somos absolutamente diferentes de las cosas, no cabe ninguna duda al respecto. No obstante, sí debemos diferenciar nítidamente entre los individuos y el concepto de “persona”. Así pues, la persona posee un “horizonte interior”, absolutamente novedoso y que le caracteriza como ser en aproximación a la Verdad y a la Libertad, las cuales no sólo son específicas del propio humano, sino que le son necesarias en cuanto remedios contra la desolación y la tiranía. Asimismo, una sociedad puede ser (...) tiránica en varios sentidos, pero Manuel Mindán sostiene que, para que no lo sea, el individuo entendido como “persona” debe primar siempre sobre el grupo gregario y cerrado. (shrink)

Theories of practical reason must meet a psychological requirement: they must explain how normative practical reasons can be motivationally efficacious. It would be pointless to claim that we are subject to normative demands of reason, if we were in fact unable to meet those demands. Concerning this requirement to account for the possibility of rational motivation, internalist approaches are distinguished from externalist ones. I defend internalism, whilst rejecting both ways in which the belief‐desire model can be instantiated. Both the Humean (...) and the Kantian instantiation of that model fail to account for the internal connection between normative and motivating reasons required by internalism. The two classes of reasons rather come to be seen as mutually exclusive. Opposing the belief‐desire model, I argue that rational motivation can only be established by reference to emotion. Emotions are affective perceptions. They have motivational force so that they can contribute to the explanation of action. At the same time they can rationalise actions because they have an intentional content which resembles the content of sensory perception in being representational. Because of this, the emotions can noninferentially justify judgements, which in turn can justify actions. I conclude by outlining the Aristotelian account of practical reason and ethics that emerges from integrating the emotions into practical reasoning. Doing the right thing is much more a matter of seeing things right than of drawing the right inferences. Seeing things right, in its turn, is not only to justify an action: it necessarily implies to be motivated to act accordingly. (shrink)

I discuss two ways in which emotions explain actions: in the first, the explanation is expressive; in the second, the action is not only explained but also rationalized by the emotion's intentional content. The belief-desire model cannot satisfactorily account for either of these cases. My main purpose is to show that the emotions constitute an irreducible category in the explanation of action, to be understood by analogy with perception. Emotions are affective perceptions. Their affect gives them motivational force, and they (...) can rationalize actions because, like perception, they have a representational intentional content. Because of this, an emotion can non-inferentially justify a belief which in its turn justifies or rationalizes an action; so emotions may constitute a source of moral knowledge. (shrink)

Business firms have been explained as internal markets or as communities. To be sustainable, however, they need to reconcile these two constituting elements that have mainly been touted as opposite and part of a dualistic relationship. We suggest that organizations may, in alternative, view market and community as part of a duality, interdependent and mutually constituting processes that may not only contradict each other but also enable one another. The implications of a duality view for business ethics, which articulates market (...) and community elements in a fruitful, mutually enabling relationship, are considered, and duality is presented as a way of transcending what is commonly viewed as opposition, moving organizations both in the direction of humane and competitive finalities. (shrink)

How did social communication evolve in primates? In this volume, primatologists, linguists, anthropologists, cognitive scientists and philosophers of science systematically analyze how their specific disciplines demarcate the research questions and methodologies involved in the study of the evolutionary origins of social communication in primates in general, and in humans in particular. In the first part of the book, historians and philosophers of science address how the epistemological frameworks associated with primate communication and language evolution studies have changed over time, and (...) how these conceptual changes affect our current studies on the subject matter. In the second part, scholars provide cutting-edge insights into the various means through which primates communicate socially in both natural and experimental settings. They examine the behavioral building blocks by which primates communicate, and they analyze what the cognitive requirements are for displaying communicative acts. Chapters highlight cross-fostering and language experiments with primates, primate mother-infant communication, the display of emotions and expressions, manual gestures and vocal signals, joint attention, intentionality and theory of mind. The primary focus of the third part is on how these various types of communicative behavior possibly evolved, and how they can be understood as evolutionary precursors to human language. Leading scholars analyze how both manual and vocal gestures gave way to mimetic and imitational protolanguage, and how the latter possibly transitioned into human language. In the final part, we turn to the hominin lineage, and anthropologists, archeologists and linguists investigate what the necessary neurocognitive, anatomical and behavioral features are in order for human language to evolve, and how language differs from other forms of primate communication. (shrink)

I argue that, in experiencing a recalcitrant emotion, one does not violate a rational requirement of any sort. Rational requirements, as the expression has come to be used, are requirements of coherence. Accordingly, my argument is that there is nothing incoherent in any way about experiencing a recalcitrant emotion. One becomes incoherent only if one allows the emotion to influence one's reasoning and/or action, in which case one violates the ‘consistency principle’ and/or the ‘enkratic principle’. From the standpoint of rationality, (...) it would even be counterproductive to put subjects under the obligation that their emotional experiences and their evaluative judgements must always fit together. When we nevertheless intuitively sense that the subject is irrational in experiencing a recalcitrant emotion this is in cases in which the emotion challenges the subject's agential identity. However, emotions can, but need not, challenge one's agential identity, and, furthermore, perceptions can do so as well. In any case, challenges of this kind do not involve the violation of a rational requirement. (shrink)

Obedience: a simple term. Stanley Milgram, the famous experimental social psychologist, shocked the world with theory about it. Another man, Pol Pot, the infamous leader of the Khmer Rouge, showed how far the desire for obedience could go in human societies. Milgram conducted his experiments in the controlled environment of the US psychology laboratory of the 1960s. Pol Pot experimented with Utopia in the totalitarian Kampuchea of the 1970s. In this article, we discuss the process through which the Khmer Rouge (...) regime created an army of unquestioningly obedient soldiers — including child soldiers. Based on these two cases, we advance a framework on how obedience can be grown or countered. (shrink)

The disclosure of corporate environmental performance is an increasingly important element of a firm’s ethical behavior. We analyze how the legal origin of foreign institutional investors affects a firm’s voluntary greenhouse gas emissions disclosure. Using a large sample of firms from 36 countries, we show that foreign institutional ownership from civil law countries improves the scope and quality of a firm’s greenhouse gas emissions reporting. This relation is robust to addressing endogeneity and selection biases. The effect is more pronounced in (...) firms from non-climate-sensitized countries, for which the gap between firms’ environmental standards and investors’ environmental targets is potentially larger, and in less international firms. Firms with a higher level of voluntary greenhouse gas emissions disclosure also exhibit higher valuations. (shrink)

For decades, a remarkable number of publications have been devoted to the so-called Epistulae ad Caesarem. Most have focused on the question of whether they are authentic or forgeries, and only a few have analysed them as a source for valuable historical evidence. This paper intends to demonstrate that the letters could certainly have been written in the middle of the first century BCE and that Sallust could indeed be the author. The letters, particularly Ep. 2, show that there were (...) alternative political agendas and provide a better understanding of Sallust as a politician and historian, as well as of the political debate surrounding the outbreak of the civil war and Caesar’s rule. (shrink)

Almost all contemporary philosophers on the subject agree that emotions play an indispensable role in the justification (as opposed to the mere causation) of other mental states and actions. However, how this role is to be understood is still an open question. At the core of the debate is the phenomenon of conflict without contradiction: why is it that an emotion need not be revised in the light of better judgment and knowledge? Conflict without contradiction has been explained either by (...) difference in content between emotion and judgment, or by a difference in the respective attitude towards content. I argue that conflict without contradiction is due to both differences, where difference in content is prior to difference in attitude. (shrink)

What do we mean when we refer to the world? How does the world relate to the human person? Are the two interdependent and, if so, in what way? What does world mean for an ethnographer or an anthropologist? Much has been said of worlds and worldviews, but do we really know what we mean by these words? Asking these questions and many more, this book explores the conditions of possibility of the ethnographic gesture, and how these shed light on (...) the relationship between humans and the world in the midst of which they find themselves. As Pina-Cabral shows, recent decades have seen important shifts in the way we relate human thought to human embodiment--the relation between how we think and what we are. The book proposes a novel approach to the human condition: an anthropological outlook that is centered around the notions of personhood and sociality. Through a rich confrontation with ethnographic and historical material, this work contributes to the ongoing task of overcoming the theoretical constraints that have hindered anthropological thinking over the past century."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

Bayesian psychology, in what is perhaps its most familiar version, is incomplete: Jeffrey conditionalization is not a complete account of rational belief change. Jeffrey conditionalization is sensitive to the order in which the evidence arrives. This order effect can be so pronounced as to call for a belief adjustment that cannot be understood as an assimilation of incoming evidence by Jeffrey's rule. Hartry Field's reparameterization of Jeffrey's rule avoids the order effect but fails as an account of how new evidence (...) should be assimilated. (shrink)

With the redefinition of the origin and function of the state by the contractarian theories, the problem of resistance ceased to be subsumed to the medieval discussion of tyrannicide. Spinoza was one of the authors that gave a greater political significance to the right of resistance - despite the dispersed and often cryptographic way in which this theme emerges in his work -, connecting it directly to the sovereign power of the multitude. This article thus aims to make explicit the (...) theory of resistance implied in Spinoza’s approach and sketched, particularly, throughout the Political Treatise. In addition to showing how the representation of the right of resistance as right of war reflects the replacement of the legal figure of contract by consensus, we will also try to underline the constitutive role assigned to resistance within the framework of the political ontology developed by Spinoza. (shrink)

Evaluativism about desire, the view that desires just are, or necessarily involve, positive evaluations of their objects, currently enjoys widespread popularity in many philosophical circles. This chapter argues that evaluativism, in both of its doxastic and perceptual versions, overstates and mischaracterises the connection between desires and evaluations. Whereas doxastic evaluativism implausibly rules out cases where someone has a desire, despite evaluating its object negatively, being uncertain about its value, or having no doxastic attitude whatsoever towards its evaluative status at all, (...) perceptual evaluativism cannot even properly apply to the large class of standing desires. It is also argued that evaluativism about desire is not even well-motivated in the first place: the theory is supposed to solve a particular puzzle about the role desires play in the explanation of action, yet, in fact, it does not offer any help whatsoever in dealing with the relevant puzzle. (shrink)

A dissolução (ou morte) estatal é uma preocupação comum a todos os autores contratualistas. Na sua maioria, eles consideram o estado um corpo mortal que, bem ou mal constituído, está inevitavelmente condenando a dissolver- se. E quanto a Espinosa? Acaso pensa o autor que o corpo político, tal como o corpo humano, tem uma morte certa, inevitável; ou julga, pelo contrário, que o estado pode ser eterno? Esta é a questão a que aqui se procura responder, analisando, para isso, várias (...) passagens dispersas do Tratado Teológico-Político e do Tratado Político em que o assunto é (direta ou indiretamente) tratado. Da interpretação que apresentamos, deverá resultar claro que o problema da morte estatal não tem apenas um interesse teórico, mas está relacionada com aqueles que são, para Espinosa, os limites práticos da ciência política. (shrink)

Este estudio parte del análisis del sentido de la votación y de la sentencia que pusieron fin a la causa inquisitorial de Juan de Ávila para proseguir con una investigación sobre las personas que compusieron la junta de asesores y el tribunal que la dictó. Su objetivo no ha consistido sólo en la identificación de las mismas, sino que se ha extendido a la exposición de aspectos fundamentales de sus respectivas biografías, particularmente del desarrollo de sus carreras hasta 1533, aunque (...) sin que se perdiera de vista la evolución posterior. Se ha reconstruido de esta manera una prosopografía específica para la cuestión que nos preocupa. La orientación de sus decisiones sobre el proceso de Juan de Ávila no es independiente del cómo fueron estos individuos. Se entiende que el conocimiento de cado uno de ellos, la posibilidad de establecer los rasgos fundamentales de sus personalidades, procediendo desde el conocimiento de sus orígenes familiares y sociales, así como de la formación que poseían, ayudan a explicar el contexto histórico y generacional en que ellos, como jueces, y Juan de Ávila, como reo, estuvieron situados. (shrink)

Desde hace tiempo la preocupación por la humanización de las prácticas sanitarias es creciente. Esto se refleja en el incremento de publicaciones al respecto y el desarrollo de programas de humanización que marcan unos estándares de lo que debe entenderse por un trato humanizado en el ámbito sanitario. Dado que el cuidado de la salud ha ido siempre de la mano del desarrollo de tecnologías, es frecuente utilizar la expresión “humanización de la técnica”. En este artículo queremos mostrar que tanto (...) la medicina como la tecnología son creaciones humanas y, por tanto, no necesitan ser humanizadas. Lo que debemos humanizar son nuestras actitudes en el trato a los vulnerables y el modo como nos relacionamos con los medios tecnológicos. El buen o mal desarrollo del arte de cuidar y curar y las tecnologías vinculadas dependerá de la formación humana de los agentes de salud. Es ahí donde cobran sentido las expresiones humanización de la sanidad y humanización de las tecnologías aplicadas al cuidado. (shrink)

L'étude de la communication nous oblige à aborder l'articulation entre individu et société. Tout en dépassant les métaphores «postales» ou télégraphiques de la transmission de l'information supposant l'existence d'individus isolés, le sociologue Yves Winkin parle d'un «collège invisible» d'auteurs qui nous indiqueraient une approche nous aidant à mieux comprendre les dynamiques concrètes et les enjeux sociaux de la communication. Il faudrait élargir ce «collège» et montrer l'intérêt de l'approche des représentations sociales pour comprendre la construction du sens commun, se rattachant (...) aussi aux travaux d'Alfred Schutz. L'étude de la communication peut ainsi devenir l'analyse d'une ou de plusieurs arènes òu se joue une bataille de conquête et d'influence sociale visant à la «bonne définition» d'un sens partagé.In the study of communication one must deal with the relationship between the individual and society. The sociologist Yves Winkin suggests the idea of an "invisible college" where different authors converge with the intention of overcoming the "postal" or telegraphic model of communication based on the idea of isolated individuals.They turn instead towards a constructivist and interactionist approach. In this paper, following Alfred Schutz’s ideas, I propose to extend this "college" to include the study of social representations to help understand the construction of common sense. I then suggest that the analysis of communication can be regarded as the study of the multiple arenas where social groups compete to achieve more opportunities or more power to influence the "right definition" of sense that is socially approved. (shrink)